When it comes to setting up a camper van with a reliable and efficient electrical system, proper sizing of components is crucial. This includes determining the appropriate voltage system, battery size, inverter size, shore power sizing, solar panel size, MPPT charge controller size, and DC-to-DC charger size. Each of these components plays a critical role in ensuring that your electrical system can meet your power needs while on the road. In this guide, we'll break down the pros and cons of different voltage systems, explain how to size your battery, inverter, and other components, and provide tips for optimizing your camper van's electrical system. Whether you're a full-time vanlifer or a weekend warrior, this guide will help you build a reliable and efficient electrical system for your camper van.
- Sizing Solar Panels:
When it comes to sizing solar panels for a camper van, there are a few factors to consider:
- Energy Consumption:
- Calculate the daily energy consumption of all the devices you will be using in your camper van, as described earlier.
- This will give you an idea of how much energy you need to generate with your solar panels.
- Panel Capacity:
- Solar panels are rated in watts, so choose a solar panel capacity that is at least equal to your daily energy consumption needs.
- It's generally recommended to choose a solar panel with a capacity that is 1.5 to 2 times your daily energy consumption needs, to account for factors such as weather conditions and shading.
- Efficiency:
- The efficiency of a solar panel is the amount of energy it can generate per unit of sunlight it receives.
- Higher efficiency panels will generate more energy in the same amount of space, which can be useful for a camper van where space is limited.
- Monocrystalline solar panels tend to have higher efficiency ratings than polycrystalline or thin-film panels.
- Size:
- The size of the solar panel is also an important factor to consider, especially if you have limited space on your camper van's roof.
- Monocrystalline panels tend to have a higher power output per square foot than polycrystalline or thin-film panels, so they may be a good choice if space is a concern.
- Mounting:
- Consider how you will mount the solar panels on your camper van's roof.
- Rigid frame solar panels are a good choice for mounting on a roof, as they are durable and can withstand wind and other weather conditions.
In summary, when choosing rigid frame monocrystalline solar panels for your camper van, it's important to consider your daily energy consumption needs, the panel's capacity, efficiency, size, and mounting options. By selecting high-quality, efficient panels that are sized appropriately for your energy needs, you can ensure a reliable and effective solar power system for your camper van.
Rigid 210W Monocrystalline panels available here
- Sizing Lithium Batteries:
We will only consider lithium batteries here, we also wrote an in-depth comparison of Lithium batteries vs other chemistries here
Sizing a lithium battery for a camper van solar system requires some careful planning and consideration. Here are some factors to consider:
- Power Consumption:
- The first step in sizing a lithium battery is to estimate your power consumption needs.
- Calculate the average daily power consumption of all your appliances, lights, and electronics.
- This will help you determine the minimum capacity of your battery bank.
- Battery Voltage:
- Choose a lithium battery with the appropriate voltage for your system.
- Most camper van solar systems use a 12V or 24V battery bank.
- Determine the voltage of your appliances and electronics, and choose a battery with the appropriate voltage.
- Capacity:
- The capacity of a lithium battery is measured in amp-hours (Ah) and represents how much energy the battery can store.
- To determine the capacity of your battery bank, multiply your average daily power consumption by the number of days you want to be able to go without recharging.
- For example, if your average daily power consumption is 100Ah and you want to be able to go three days without recharging, you would need a battery bank with a capacity of at least 300Ah.
- Depth of Discharge:
- Lithium batteries can typically be discharged deeper than lead-acid batteries, so you can use more of the battery's capacity before needing to recharge.
- However, discharging a lithium battery too deeply can reduce its lifespan.
- It's generally recommended to limit the depth of discharge to 80% or less to maximize the lifespan of the battery.
- Temperature:
- Lithium batteries can be sensitive to temperature extremes, so it's important to choose a battery that can operate within the temperature range of your camper van.
- Look for batteries with a wide operating temperature range and built-in temperature sensors to prevent damage from overheating or overcooling.
- Charging:
- Make sure the charging system you choose is compatible with your lithium battery.
- Lithium batteries require a different charging profile than lead-acid batteries, so make sure your MPPT solar charge controller, shore power charger, and DC-to-DC alternator charger are all compatible with lithium batteries.
In summary, when sizing a lithium battery for a camper van solar system, it's important to consider your power consumption needs, battery voltage, capacity, depth of discharge, temperature range, and charging system compatibility. By choosing a high-quality, appropriately sized lithium battery and carefully managing your power consumption, you can create a reliable and effective solar power system for your camper van.
Variety of Lithium Batteries available here, BLUE/Premium models include Bluetooth and Self Heating
- Sizing the Inverter
- Matching battery output current to inverter draw
The size of the inverter you choose will depend in part on the battery output current, which is the maximum current that your battery bank can provide to power your devices. In general, you'll want to choose an inverter that can handle at least the maximum output current of your battery bank, although you may want to choose a slightly larger inverter to handle occasional surges in demand. - Pure Sine Wave vs Modified Sine Wave
When it comes to the type of inverter you choose, there are several options to consider. Pure sine wave inverters provide a clean, stable power output that's similar to the power you get from a traditional electrical outlet. This makes them ideal for sensitive electronics, such as laptops, televisions, and audio equipment. Modified sine wave inverters, on the other hand, produce a less stable output that can cause issues with some electronics. They are less expensive than pure sine wave inverters, but may not be suitable for all applications. - Low frequency or high frequency inverter.
Low frequency inverters are more expensive but provide a more reliable, long-lasting power output, making them ideal for heavy-duty applications such as powering refrigerators or air conditioners. High frequency inverters are less expensive but may not be as reliable over the long term, and may not be suitable for all applications.
In summary, when selecting an inverter, it's important to consider the maximum output current of your battery bank, as well as the type and frequency of the inverter. Pure sine wave inverters are better for sensitive electronics, while modified sine wave inverters are less expensive but may cause issues with some devices. Low frequency inverters are more reliable but more expensive, while high frequency inverters are less expensive but may not be suitable for all applications.
Inverters and Inverter/Chargers available here
- Sizing MPPT Charge Controller:
When it comes to sizing an MPPT solar charge controller for a camper van solar system, there are a few key factors to consider:
- Solar Panel Voltage and Current:
- The solar charge controller needs to be compatible with the voltage and current output of your solar panels.
- Check the specifications of your solar panels and choose a charge controller that is compatible with the voltage and current output range of your panels.
- For example, if your solar panels have a maximum output voltage of 24V, choose a charge controller that can handle 24V input.
- Battery Voltage:
- Choose a charge controller that is compatible with the voltage of your lithium battery.
- Most lithium batteries operate at 12V, 24V, or 48V, so choose a charge controller that is designed for the voltage of your battery.
- Charge Current:
- Choose a charge controller that can handle the maximum charge current for your solar system.
- This will depend on the size of your solar panels and the capacity of your lithium battery.
- A good rule of thumb is to choose a charge controller with a maximum charge current of at least 25% higher than the maximum current output of your solar panels.
- Efficiency:
- The efficiency of the charge controller is the percentage of energy that is converted from the solar panel to the battery.
- Higher efficiency charge controllers will convert more energy to your battery, which can be important for a camper van solar system where energy is limited.
- Look for charge controllers with high efficiency ratings, typically around 95-99%.
- Temperature:
- Consider the operating temperature range of the charge controller.
- If you will be traveling in hot or cold climates, make sure the charge controller can operate within the temperature range of your camper van.
In summary, when sizing an MPPT solar charge controller for a camper van solar system, it's important to consider the solar panel voltage and current, battery voltage, charge current, efficiency, and operating temperature range. By choosing a high-quality, efficient charge controller that is compatible with your solar panels and lithium battery, you can ensure a reliable and effective solar power system for your camper van.
Inverter, Charger, MPPT combo unit available here, more information on them below
- Shore Power Charging:
Shore power charging refers to the process of charging a camper van's battery bank using an external AC power source, such as a standard 120V or 240V electrical outlet found at an RV park or campground. Here are some things to consider when setting up a shore power charging system for your camper van:
- Charging Capacity:
- The first thing to consider when setting up a shore power charging system is the capacity of your battery bank and the charging rate of your charger.
- It's important to choose a charger that can provide enough power to fully charge your battery bank in a reasonable amount of time.
- The charging capacity of a shore power charger is usually measured in amps, and the ideal charging rate depends on the capacity of your battery bank.
- As a general rule, a shore power charger should be able to provide a charging current of at least 10-20% of the battery bank's capacity.
- Charger Compatibility:
- Make sure the charger you choose is compatible with your lithium battery.
- Lithium batteries require a different charging profile than lead-acid batteries, so make sure your shore power charger is compatible with lithium batteries.
- Many modern shore power chargers come with built-in lithium battery charging profiles, but it's always best to double-check before making a purchase.
- Safety:
- When using a shore power charger, it's important to take proper safety precautions.
- Make sure your charger is properly grounded and protected by a circuit breaker or fuse.
- Avoid charging in wet or damp conditions, and make sure your battery bank is well-ventilated during charging to prevent overheating.
- Charging Time:
- The amount of time it takes to fully charge your battery bank using shore power depends on the capacity of your battery bank and the charging rate of your charger.
- As a general rule, a shore power charger should be able to fully charge your battery bank in 4-6 hours.
- However, it's important to note that charging times can vary depending on the specific charger and battery bank configuration.
In summary, when setting up a shore power charging system for your camper van, it's important to consider your battery bank's capacity, the charging rate of your charger, compatibility with your lithium battery, safety, and charging time. By choosing a high-quality, compatible charger and following proper safety precautions, you can ensure that your battery bank is always fully charged and ready for your next adventure.
Inverter/Charger Units available here
DC to DC Charger
DC to DC alternator charging is a method of charging a camper van's lithium battery while driving. This charging method uses the van's alternator to charge the battery while the engine is running. DC to DC alternator charging systems typically include a DC-DC charger that regulates the charging voltage and current, as well as a battery isolator to prevent the vehicle's starting battery from being drained.
When sizing a DC-to-DC charger for your camper van, it's important to take into account the output of your vehicle's alternator. This is because the charger will be connected to the alternator and will draw power from it to charge your camper van's battery. If your alternator has a high output, you may be able to use a charger with a higher amperage rating (60A+). However, it's important to ensure that the charger you choose is compatible with your alternator's output and won't overload it.
Additionally, you should consider the capacity of your camper van's battery when selecting a DC-to-DC charger. The charger should be able to supply enough current to charge your battery efficiently without causing damage. It's also important to consider the type of battery you're using, as some chargers may not be compatible with certain types of batteries.
When choosing a DC to DC alternator charging system, it's important to consider the following factors:
- Charging Voltage:
- Choose a DC-DC charger that can charge your lithium battery to the recommended charging voltage.
- Most lithium batteries have a recommended charging voltage of around 14.4-14.6 volts, so choose a DC-DC charger that can provide this voltage.
- Charging Current:
- Choose a DC-DC charger that can handle the maximum charging current for your lithium battery.
- Lithium batteries can typically handle a charging current of up to 0.5C (half the battery's capacity), so choose a DC-DC charger that can provide this current.
- Battery Isolator:
- Choose a battery isolator that can handle the maximum current output of your alternator.
- A battery isolator is necessary to prevent the starting battery from being drained while the camper van is parked.
- Make sure that the battery isolator is compatible with your vehicle's electrical system.
- Wiring:
- Ensure that the wiring between the alternator, DC-DC charger, and lithium battery is adequate to handle the maximum charging current.
- Use high-quality wiring and connectors to prevent voltage drop and ensure a reliable connection.
Overall, DC to DC alternator charging is a useful method for keeping your camper van's lithium battery charged while driving. By choosing a DC-DC charger and battery isolator that are compatible with your vehicle's electrical system and lithium battery, you can ensure a safe and reliable charging system for your camper van.
DC to DC Chargers Available here
- Voltage of your system, 12v, 24v or 48v?
12V System: Pros:
- 12V systems are the most common and widely available, making it easier to find compatible components.
- Components for 12V systems are often less expensive compared to higher voltage systems.
- 12V systems are ideal for smaller loads and lower power requirements, such as lighting and charging small electronics.
Cons:
- 12V systems have limitations on the maximum power output and capacity, which can limit the amount of power available for larger loads.
- Voltage drop can be an issue with longer cable runs, which can result in lower voltage and reduced efficiency.
- Inefficient power distribution can cause significant power loss.
24V System: Pros:
- 24V systems can handle higher power requirements compared to 12V systems, making them better suited for larger loads.
- Voltage drop is less of an issue compared to 12V systems, which can result in more efficient power distribution.
- Components for 24V systems are often more efficient compared to 12V systems, resulting in less power loss.
Cons:
- Components for 24V systems can be more expensive compared to 12V systems.
- 24V systems may not be as widely available, which can make it more difficult to find compatible components.
48V System: Pros:
- 48V systems are the most efficient compared to 12V and 24V systems, resulting in less power loss and more efficient power distribution.
- 48V systems can handle even higher power requirements compared to 24V systems, making them ideal for larger loads.
Cons:
- Components for 48V systems can be significantly more expensive compared to 12V and 24V systems.
- 48V systems are not as widely available, which can make it more difficult to find compatible components.
- Voltage drop can still be an issue with longer cable runs, although less so compared to 12V systems.
In summary, the choice between a 12V, 24V, or 48V system for camping depends on your specific power requirements and budget. 12V systems are ideal for smaller loads and lower power requirements, while 24V and 48V systems can handle larger loads and are more efficient. However, higher voltage systems are often more expensive and may not be as widely available.
Inverter, Charger, MPPT Combo Units
The advantages of using an inverter, charger, and MPPT controller all in one unit:
Space-saving: Having an all-in-one unit can save space in your camper van by eliminating the need for separate devices for charging, inverting, and regulating solar power.
Integration: An all-in-one unit can provide seamless integration between the different components, making it easier to set up and use.
Efficiency: An all-in-one unit can be more efficient than separate devices because it reduces the number of conversion steps needed between different components.
Simplicity: An all-in-one unit can simplify your electrical system by providing a single control panel for managing your solar charging, inverting, and battery charging functions.
Compatibility: An all-in-one unit is designed to work together seamlessly, reducing the risk of compatibility issues that can occur when using separate components.
Cost-effectiveness: In some cases, an all-in-one unit can be more cost-effective than purchasing separate components because it combines the functions of multiple devices into a single unit.
Overall, using an all-in-one unit for your inverting, charging, and regulating needs can simplify your electrical system, save space, increase efficiency, and be more cost-effective than purchasing separate components.
Inverter, Charger, MPPT combo unit available here